They
say that eyes are windows to a person's soul, and I believe that names function
in a similar way. For those with an interest in etymology, or more
specifically, toponomy, which is the study of place-names, names commonly offer
an insight or a guide into understanding a place's identity and its history.
Bath is
one of Britain's oldest cities with a history that spans before the 600BC, and
yet strangely enough, our minds often relate the word “bath” with the image of
the washing vessel – the bathub – rather than the city itself. This is what
etymologist W.H. F. Nicholaisen describes as the associative level of meaning
where words become names by association. Other levels of meaning include the
lexical, where literal dictionary definition of names are concerned; and the
onomastic, where denotative names are analysed on its own.
The
earliest record of Bath was found in the atlas book Geography written by Greek geographer, Claudius
Ptolemy, as a means to record all maps and coordinates that belonged to the
Roman Empire. In it Bath was known as Aquae
Calidae, which in Latin stood
for 'hot waters', evidently apt for its location considering Bath was the only
natural thermal spa present in Britain at the time. The decision to name a town
based on its topographical feature made it easier for the Romans to recognise
and distinguish different places, thus showing the importance of landscape in
the naming process. Other examples of using landscapes as a denotative in names
included towns like Winchester and Lincoln, then known as Venta and Lindum in Latin, which meant 'road' and
'pool' respectively. These Latin names are what scholars today refer to as
simplex names because it contains a single element that was either habitative
or topographical, (i.e. man-made or natural) which evidently during this period
of colonial invasion, were mostly features in the landscape where the town was
built on. As Aquae Calidae flourished under the Roman empire,
more baths and temples came into existence, and the town was
"rebranded" as Aquae
Sulis.
Sulis
was a deity worshipped by the locals, and she was assimilated with the Roman’s
goddess equivalent, Minerva, for both their healing and life-giving abilities. By
incorporating the locals' goddess in the city’s new name, it highlighted the
importance of religion during this time, and although the use of generic terms
such as "aquae" (meaning "waters") continued, the new name
was more meaningful and specific to the characteristics of the town. This name is
categorised as a compound name because it includes two elements, namely the
geological feature and a personal name to form a new word - Aquae
Sulis, which roughly
translates into The Waters of Sul.
With
religion playing a key role in forming a city's identity, not everyone was on
board with having a pagan name represent a town especially with the influence
of Christianity in the years after. The town was renamed again with more
generic and non-religious elements, creating variations like Aquamania, Aquamann,
and Hat Bathu that
labelled the town as 'the place with hot waters'. It was not until the Battle
of Deorham in 577AD did the town see the drastic development from 'Aquae-something' to
a name more familiar to the modern language today - Bathum. A.D. Mills, a renowned scholar
in Onomastics, explains in the Oxford
Dictionary of English Place Names (2011) that Bathum first appeared in
796 AD, and later evolved into Bade in the Domesday Book in 1086. According to
him, these new names were likely derived from the Old English term baeth, which was defined as 'at the bath'. It
becomes apparent through this change that the new colonial entity of the
Anglo-Saxons exerted their power on the local Celtic tribes by renouncing the
use of Latin and implementing Old English as the main language used instead.
Although Bathum, or Bade, retained the topographical meaning of the town, they
are considered generic and simplex names that fail to take into account the
history of the city. This process of renaming by a higher authority commodified
the past and culture of the place, making the name almost too transparent with
no room left for interpretation. As the name develops, we see that its
topographical feature evolve into a habitative one, and it’s specificity
simplified into a generic, single word. Fortunately, not all traces of a Roman
Bath disappeared as Mills suggests that a neighbouring road called Akeman
Street may still hold on to its Roman roots. The original name spelled as Accemannestrete is a compound name first coined in the 12th
Century, consisting of Accemanne and strĒ£t, the latter which meant 'Roman
road' in Old English. Mills
does point out that the origin of Accemanne is disputed and uncertain but there
are assumptions that it was derived from Acumanna, meaning 'Aquae-place', in
reference to the earlier name of Aquae
Sulis.
Looking
back at the changes the place-name has experienced, it is possible to conclude
that the town's geological feature plays the most crucial aspect in terms of
its naming process, seeing that "aqua" has been the denotative and
recurring component of the name throughout the years and has remained unchanged
despite the different colonial rulers and people that inhabit the
location.
Today,
Bath is one of the most visited cities in Britain. With day-tourists totalling
up to four million per year, coupled with its divine Roman and Georgian
architecture as the main attraction, Bath is quickly becoming a
globally-recognised city, and as a result, prompting many local businesses to
take advantage of its name and rise in popularity. A prime example of this is
the local art studio formerly known as Widcombe Studio that was renamed as the
Bath Artists' Studio in May 2009. When asked about the decision behind the
name-change, a spokesperson explained that it was done in recognition of the
studio's contribution to the arts and culture scene in Bath. In essence, what
began as a small shared workspace among local artists was now transformed into
an art centre that reflected Bath's culture and heritage. The renaming process
also coincided with the re-opening of their bigger studio in the heart of the
city, firmly showing that by utilising the power of the city's name, the studio
was able to rebrand in order to reach a wider audience, and establish itself as
the city's official art centre.
On the
other end of the spectrum, there were controversies about Bath being a name
that was too ambiguous and common that it was causing problems for other businesses.
The local newspaper, Bath Chronicle, published an article on the difficulties
of having the name of the city synonymous to the common verb - bath, which
according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as 'a large container of
water'. On a lexical level, the city of Bath has always bore some importance to
the fact that the landscape carries a large body of water, and its literal
meaning has always been the same, as evidence by the reappearance of
"aqua" in its name. Even when we associate with the word bath (capitalised
or not), the first image that comes to mind is the act of washing and cleaning,
which is accurate, seeing that Bath began, and frankly still remains, as a city
famous for its Roman baths.
Having
said that, the locals do have a point. Does the ambiguity of a city's name
actually hinder their prospects for tourism?
Spokesperson
David Plughaul believes so. He states that with the rise of technology in this
digital age, many people are using the internet as a means to book their
holiday, and yet with a simple Google search of the word "bath", the
instant results that appear are of the generic bathtub rather than the
Somersetian city. He further explains that due to the vagueness of the name,
Bath is in fact losing around £50 million each year in its tourism sector,
which could potentially be turned into profit if the city's name was
"unambiguous and completely unique." Shop owner, Mrs Jane O'Vaflo,
shares the same concern while holding the recent popularity of online retailing
accountable for this problem. Her business - Bath Taps - has been
mistaken for selling taps for bathubs when her primary product is, in fact,
sink taps. Having to redirect hundreds of phone calls on a daily basis is not
only disruptive but also a wasteful use of resources, which again, has caused a
loss in revenue as well.
Judging
from the locals' perspective, there is a mixed reaction towards the ambiguity.
While most city names actively encourage tourism through its distinctiveness,
it is undeniable that in the case of Bath, it has done the opposite. Although
there are talks of renaming the city again, it is unfeasible to disregard the
city's long history because of the internet’s inability to distinguish a
location from a washing vessel. As far as toponomy is concerned, although Bath
has become a generic name, and perhaps at first glance tourists would not know
of the Roman’s significance in the city’s development, at least on a lexical
level, the name still describes what the city is made of – baths.